A fluidized carrot bed has minimum-fluidization height 1.20 m, diameter .60 m, carrot mass250 kg and solid density1040 kg/m³. Find bed porosity, to three decimals, using π=3.14.
Bulk bed volume is $V_b=\pi D^2H/4=3.14(.6)^2(1.2)/4=.33912$ m³. Solid material volume is $V_s=250/1040=.2403846$ m³. Void fraction is $\epsilon=1-V_s/V_b=.2911518$,rounded **.291**. The solid density excludes the voids that porosity measures.
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