Expand the squared norm into its constant norm terms and the two conjugate cross terms. Multiplication by eⁱᵗ leaves one constant cross term and terms proportional to eⁱᵗ,e²ⁱᵗ. Their full-period integrals vanish, leaving ⟨u,v⟩ or its conjugate depending on inner-product convention. Both equal the given real value **2**.
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