A link transmits at $10^6$ bits/s using 1000-byte data packets. ACK transmission and node processing delays are negligible; ACK propagation equals data propagation. Stop-and-wait efficiency is 25%. Find the one-way propagation delay in milliseconds.
Packet transmission takes 8000/10⁶ seconds=8 ms. Stop-and-wait efficiency is T/(T+2d)=1/4. Thus 8/(8+2d)=1/4, giving 32=8+2d and d=12 ms. The two propagation legs include both data and ACK.
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