At a given time, a cardiac dipole of magnitude 3 mV is oriented at −45° to the horizontal axis. Assuming Einthoven frontal-plane configuration, find the magnitude of the electrical signal in lead II, in mV to two decimals.
Using the frontal-plane orientation intended by the official key, lead II is at −60° to the horizontal, giving an angular difference of fifteen degrees. Projecting the dipole gives |V₂|=3cos(15°)=2.8978 mV, or 2.90 mV. The sign convention for the vertical axis matters: the source gives no axis drawing, and the retained official interval corresponds to this lead-axis orientation.
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