During sintering, solid–solid interfacial energy is 0.87 J/m² and solid–liquid interfacial energy is 0.5 J/m². Find the liquid dihedral angle φ in degrees (one decimal place).
Symmetric interfacial force balance gives $\gamma_{SS}=2\gamma_{SL}\cos(\phi/2)$. Hence cos(φ/2)=0.87/(2×0.5)=0.87. Thus φ=2 arccos(0.87)=59.08°, or 59.1°. The half-angle arises because the two solid–liquid interfaces meet symmetrically.
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