A 70 keV X-ray beam passes through 16 cm muscle and 4 cm bone. Their half-value layers are 3.5 and 1.8 cm. Find the percentage transmitted intensity to two decimals.
Each material contributes a factor 2^(−thickness/HVL). Thus I/I0=2^[−(16/3.5+4/1.8)]≈0.00901. Multiplying by one hundred gives about 0.90% transmitted, within the official numerical interval. Attenuations multiply, so the half-value-layer counts add in the exponent.
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