The shown solar-cell I–V curve is measured under uniform illumination of $100\ \mathrm{mW/cm^2}$. The cell area is $3\ \mathrm{cm^2}$ and fill factor 0.7. Its maximum efficiency in percent is ________.
The graph gives short-circuit current 180 mA and open-circuit voltage 0.5 V. The maximum electrical power is $FF\,I_{SC}V_{OC}=0.7(0.18)(0.5)=0.063$ W.
Incident power is $100\cdot3=300$ mW=0.3 W. Hence efficiency is $100(0.063/0.3)=$ **21%**.
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